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Current state of the development of agricultural enterprises and the preconditions for their transition to digitalization
The article is devoted to a comprehensive theoretical and applied assessment of the current state, financial and investment capacity, and substantiation of the system of internal and external preconditions for the digital transformation of domestic agricultural enterprises under martial law and high macroeconomic instability. The relevance of the study is proven by the fact that full-scale military aggression has caused large-scale negative changes in the infrastructure, logistics, and staffing of the agricultural sector, which allows digitalization to be considered as a prerequisite for adaptation, survival, and ensuring the continuity of operational activities of agricultural enterprises. A set of general scientific and specific methods was applied, including statistical-economic, comparative, and structural-dynamic analysis, the grouping method, logical and cause-and-effect relationship analysis, as well as graphical data visualization. Based on the analysis of empirical data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for the period 2019–2024, a deep structural asymmetry and the widening of the “digital divide” within the environment of agricultural enterprises were identified. It was established that the total number of operating agricultural enterprises decreased by 29.4%, while small and medium-sized farms suffered the greatest losses in liquidity and capital. It was revealed that the group of large enterprises increased by 1.5 times, indicating their high adaptive resilience and ability to finance innovative development. It was substantiated that an operational profitability level exceeding 20% is the necessary minimum at which capital-intensive investments in digital technologies become economically feasible and ensure accelerated payback of invested capital through cost optimization effects. The study examined the sectoral structure of capital investments and proved that large enterprises are purposefully increasing the share of investments in intangible assets (up to 5.9%) through the implementation of licensed software, artificial intelligence algorithms, and integrated ERP/CRM systems, whereas small farms are limited only to the simple reproduction of their machinery fleet. The article details and classifies the main infrastructural, financial, security (force majeure), and competency-related negative factors affecting digitalization. Particular attention is paid to the labor shortage caused by mobilization and migration processes, which neutralizes the efficiency of using ultra-modern computerized equipment due to the lack of IT agronomists and data analysts. Based on the obtained results, conceptual directions for overcoming the negative impact of restraining factors were formulated. These include the reorientation of state support instruments in favor of supporting the innovative development of small and medium-sized enterprises, the launch of circulation of digital agricultural receipts, verification of carbon sequestration processes for entering the European carbon quota market, as well as the post-war retraining of military operators of unmanned aerial systems into civilian agricultural drone pilots and autonomous systems engineers. The practical value of the study lies in the possibility of using the developed provisions for designing anti-crisis strategies for agricultural enterprises and modernizing the state innovation policy in the agricultural sector.
Keywords: digitalization, agricultural enterprises, financial stability, investment potential, profitability, innovation disparity, state support.
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